Reject it afterwards at the first opportunity if it clearly is not relevant. If the fault magnitude is low, the system just needs to be able to endure the fault for an extra time until the fault is cleared by itself. With this one measurement, you've proven the functionality of the other five switches. The fourth and final blog looks at an example of skills assessment. <> Visually inspect the system and look out for damaged wires and possible faulty components. Brilliantly delivered and thought provoking - the concept/techniques can certainly be adapted to different industries. How do you find the fault in a light circuit? Tell us your teams development needs and well come to you with a specialised training programme, customised for your organisation. We had a minor feature request that was deployed within 24 hours - which is unheard of. Cookies Policy, Rooted in Reliability: The Plant Performance Podcast, Product Development and Process Improvement, Metals Engineering and Product Reliability, Musings on Reliability and Maintenance Topics, Equipment Risk and Reliability in Downhole Applications, Innovative Thinking in Reliability and Durability, 14 Ways to Acquire Reliability Engineering Knowledge, Reliability Analysis Methods online course, An Introduction to Reliability Engineering, Root Cause Analysis and the 8D Corrective Action Process course, The Excellence Path Part Two The Path to Success with RCM . Require a different date or location? Providing your staff with abrasive wheels training is an essential part of reducing workplace injuries. Once the failure modes and the associated root causes are identified, the next step is to evaluate the impact of that fault type on the overall performance of the system. Systematic fault finding techniques . This usually means fixing the cause of the fault or implementing some kind of maintenance. Sample situations. We can customise any of our courses and deliver them in-house, This is because the increased cost of maintenance is warranted to prevent major fallout that will be way more costly. Maintenance of plant and equipment in engineering . Each door has a normally open limit switch that is held closed when the doors are closed. In this case, the less stringent maintenance strategy such as run-to-failure or preventive maintenance could be sufficient to manage the risk. Trust me when I say it will save you hours of time spent in vain. You have 10 left, so half-split those by checking five of them. Ask the three Ws - What, When, and Where. How do I know my maintenance workforce is competent? London, 04 Oct 2023, Members: 1,095 + VAT Test each half to find the fault Half Split Method Rectify the Fault Remove the Cause Locate Fault Analyse Evidence Collect Evidence Fault Finding Process Remove the Cause Locate Fault Analyse Evidence Refer to any relevant documentation. A circuit enable light on the control cabinet tells you that the start or circuit enable relay is not energized. More about in-house and tailored training, Design and development of processes, systems, services and products - For Chartered Engineers: Apply appropriate theoretical and practical methods to the analysis and solution of mechanical engineering problems mechanical etc. Bag Length is inconsistent. The knowledge of fault finding and the diagnosis of faults can never be completely learned because no two fault situations are exactly the same. Trace out the entire path of the signal. The treatment is non-mathematical (apart from Ohm's Law) and all jargon is strictly avoided. Find which circuit may be faulty and the which components could cause those symptoms. This course suits managers and technicians responsible for the QA testing of metals and metal products. This piece of equipment has 10 safety switches that have to have their contacts in the closed position before the machine can operate. All the evidence collected must be relevant to the problem in hand. https://www.facebook.com/ElectricalConstructionMaintenanceMagazine, https://www.linkedin.com/company/electrical-construction-maintenance/, Contrary to popular belief, the act of troubleshooting is not always about your tools; it's often about your mind. If the cable has a discontinuity or high impedance, the portion of the signal will be reflected back to the test equipment or receiver. I like that it is internet-based. Turn the electricity back on. P3 describe, with the aid of suitable diagrams, the construction and operation of a given electro-pneumatic device and a given electro-hydraulic device To diagnose and find faults in electrical installations and equipment is probably one of the most difficult tasks undertaken by an electrician. Gather Information Ask people when & how the fault occurred. The purpose of fault identification is to understand the underlying failure mode, determine the size of the fault, and find its root cause. Although you still have to find out what is wrong with this switch and fix it, at least you've identified the culprit. Principles of Systematic Fault Diagnosis Diagnosis of faults requires a logical and disciplined approach. A yes takes us down to four cards. 2023 Institution of Mechanical Engineers. This year he is leading a fundraising challenge for the Alzheimers Society. Fault evaluation is a significant element of the overall process as it aims to understand the severity of the fault. Fault finding techniques on pieces of electrical power equipment. When all of these contacts are closed, the coil of the start relay will energize. 1 What are the fault finding techniques to be used when the equipment fails to operate correctly? Their capability to collect, store and analyze data on equipment health and performance was simply too limited. We have learnt many lessons along the way. Turn each circuit breaker back on. Gather Information. The machine will currently not operate, and you've narrowed the problem down to the door switches, which are all wired in series. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Best Benefits of HughesNet for the Home Internet User, How to Maximize Your HughesNet Internet Services, Get the Best AT&T Phone Plan for Your Family, Floor & Decor: How to Choose the Right Flooring for Your Budget, Choose the Perfect Floor & Decor Stone Flooring for Your Home, How to Find Athleta Clothing That Fits You, How to Dress for Maximum Comfort in Athleta Clothing, Update Your Homes Interior Design With Raymour and Flanigan, How to Find Raymour and Flanigan Home Office Furniture. The returned pulse signal from the cable simultaneously indicates the presence and the location of fault through time and velocity of the returned pulsed signal. Design extra equipment into anew plant for problem analysis. Therefore, intelligent fault diagnosis becomes a hot topic and it includes the following three steps: signal acquisition, feature extraction, and selection based on the signal processing techniques, and fault recognition based on artificial intelligence techniques. Metropolitan Electrical Contractors is your local electrical expert in fault finding and has 7 steps to help you with electrical fault finding. Proposed Method. This book is written entirely for a fault finder using only the basic fault-finding equipment: a digital multimeter and an oscilloscope. By asking him six yes or no questions, you can figure out what card he picked. The FDD functions by continuously monitoring and analyzing condition monitoring data and detecting any anomalies (if present). Leave one of your voltmeter leads on the relay coil opposite the switches. It is an excellent technique for isolating non-destructive problems. <>>> BP. Half-split those by checking three, then two, then one and you're there. Locate fault based on analysis, 4. Here are six key points to consider: Collect the Evidence. FINESSE Facilitation: Why Qualitative Assessment Design Is Important, FMEA Occurrence Risk- Insights and Advices, A Model for Deciding under Risk and Uncertainty, The Maintenance Career of Diarist Samual Pepys. Your email address will not be published. If there is no fault, proceed to the next step. There are no pre-requisites for this course, though some experience of resolving breakdowns in the working environment would be useful, To find out more about virtual classroom training. Non-members: 1,350 + VAT. In some cases, the algorithms are sophisticated enough to even initiate failure containment actions to auto-correct the failure itself and restore the equipment to its healthy condition. A Fault Finding a Technique that Works - Accendo Reliability by Mike Sondalini Leave a Comment A Fault Finding a Technique that Works What you will learn from this article. Reading through a recent survey by the recruitment giant Reed, six in ten Londoners are looking for a new challenge. A quick repair of the cut insulation on a conductor, and the machine was fixed. Finding Electrical Faults At times, Finding electrical faults is hard. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The 6-point fault finding technique is a method for finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions. Here, John Saysell, Head of Business Development and Technical Training at MCP Consulting Group, explains his Six-Step Approach to Fault Finding. At every juncture there will be an electronic hand-off, in which the next piece of equipment is to take over. 20% : 5. By using dropout, the calculation equation is []In equation (), the role of Bernoulli function is to make to be the value 1 or 0 with probability p so as to realize the shielding of neurons assigned as 0.3. ", "I like the price, the fact I can see it on my phone or the computer. Identifying some failure modes is really straightforward, while others can be challenging and require extensive mathematical computations. This helps us understand the impact of the different conditions the motor is subjected to, such as thermal rating, mechanical stress, or some other operating conditions that occur in special circumstances. Removing parts of the circuit and testing to see if the fault is still present can also be used to find ground faults. ", "We haven't fully integrated Limble yet but we are already seeing improvements in our efficiency. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Robin Pain was originally trained to service colour TV, and has worked as an industrial fault finder for . At least, the way I see it: There are 9 types of maintenance split between Preventive Maintenance and Corrective Maintenance. 2. Determine and remove the cause 3. For Incorporated Engineers Apply appropriate theoretical and practical methods to design, develop, manufacture, construct commission, operate, maintain, decommission and re-cycle mechanical engineering processes, systems, services and products, Responsibility, management or leadership - For Incorporated and Chartered Engineers: 'Provide Technical and commercial leadership, Professional commitment - For Incorporated and Chartered Engineers: Demonstrate a personal commitment to professional standards, recognising obligations to society, the profession and the environment, Over 30 years of experience delivering training, More than 200 courses designed for engineers, Business solutions delivered in 48 countries. Here are six key points to consider: 1. Locate the fault 2.Analyse the evidence 1.Collect the evidence ! " These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Check the machine or system 5. Fault detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR) is a subfield of control engineering which concerns itself with monitoring a system, identifying when a fault has occurred, and pinpointing the type of fault and its location. For example, if a doorbell does not ring when it should, it is only by means of a systematic approach that one determines that the bell itself is faulty. If no voltage is present, but we know that the circuit control voltage is functioning for other parts of the same control circuit, this would lead us to believe one of our 10 switches has a problem. Chances are, you won't be an expert in repairing these devices, but you can take some practical steps to solve problems and help get your systems operational again in a timely manner. Fault diagnosis methods may differ, but the steps to follow are generally the same. Figure 1 shows a fault injection envir onment, which typically consists of the tar get system plus a fault injec - tor, fault librar y, workload generator , workload librar y, contr oller , monitor, data collector , and data analyzer . % In ManagerPlus, techs can see full historical records for . ", "Honestly - the customer support has been fabulous. Identify the faulty circuit. From MCPs extensive training portfolio, Lifescan selected the dedicated on-site training option for their technicians and operators this held at Lifescans facility in Inverness. This could be a switch out of adjustment, a broken or loose wire, a safety door open, or pressure too high in the system. It could also save you money, especially Mechanical fault diagnosis Figure 2.5 involving stresses of 86 000 lbf in -2 (60.7 kg mm -2, 595 MN m -2) and ovalling of a bolt hole, Figure 2.6 due to the shear force on a bolt and stresses of Half-splitting can also be used in all types of circuits, not just series-wired switches. Suppose we have a 20-item test with a reliability coefficient. If the equipment is unable to discover the right failure mode (or if detection is incorrect and triggers false alarms), then the isolation, identification and evaluation will also be ineffective. In general, hardware-based fault diagnosis methods are broadly classified into hardware redundancy, voting techniques, special hardware, limit checking and frequency analysis. Solid-state electronic AC motor drives are becoming more The 6-point fault finding technique is a method for finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions. Taking samples data signals or operational functions at selected test points and comparing the measurements or results against known commissioning of operational values. Half-splitting can be used to find many electrical problems aside from open switches. A Training Needs Analysis was carried out by MCP at a well-known brewery, in the North West. Whenever you're troubleshooting, it is extremely important that you follow all safety precautions and procedures. 1) How is the equipment supposed to operate? These steps include collecting evidence, analyzing evidence, locating faults, determining and removing causes, rectifying faults and running a systems check. Half-splitting can be used to find many electrical problems aside from open switches. The observation of safe working practices. Its fairly self explanatory, put the input IN then check the output at the OUTPUT. Overall process (changes to). If your company does not have a documented electrical safety program as required by NFPA 70E, you should encourage its creation. The areas or regions are systematically reduced in size until a specific part can be identified as being faulty. Nevertheless, the Fault Detection and Diagnostics algorithm for any equipment should contain at least the four key processes listed below (these can constitute a nonlinear process as well, provided that some steps happen at the same time): We need to discuss each element in more detail to really understand how fault detection and diagnostics work. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Fault detection is the process of discovering the presence of a fault in any equipment before it manifests itself in the form of a breakdown. The fault injector injects faults into the tar get system as it executes commands fr om the workload generator Terms & conditions of booking IMechE training. he CJ( OJ QJ ^J aJ( h! Electrical faults can bring an entire production line to a halt and as a result can be very costly. Diagnosis of mechanical and electrical faults in engineering. injection would rcd testing as you inject a fault current to trip it and i thin k so testers may sample certain test mathematically. Check the System. Read on to find out more. Fault finding techniques discussed and investigated. We draw on the real-life experience of the course tutor and on established good working practice. The usage of such fault identification algorithms has significantly reduced the amount of time techs need to troubleshoot equipment and reach the root cause of the failures. However; this practice could cause further complications in the repair of the plant or process. Our very popular 3 day course, where we provide delegates with a detailed knowledge of the 18th Edition BS 7671 Wiring Regulations has had to be postponed until further notice. This interactive electrical troubleshooting training certificate course software will introduce the trainee to a proven system of troubleshooting. As a general rule, the technique of swapping identical components should be used only when there is minimal chance of causing additional damage. Control Circuits (Internal Fuses) - Contactors (Breakdown of Parts) - 3PH motors (Loss of Phases &/Or burnt out coils) - Single Phase Motors - (Carbon Brushes) Initial Faults on newly Installed work Reversed Polarity - Discrimination - loose connections - Protective Devices -Faulty Portable equipment - (NB: Cannot be 'ware and tear') When you're doing an RCA to determine the source of a fault, you'll usually find 3 basic types of problems: physical causes; human causes; organizational causes; You can also do a root cause analysis if you want to drill down and find out exactly why a process or procedure is producing better-than-average results. endobj If used properly, one method that's been around for years can save you valuable troubleshooting time, and that's the half-splitting method. Example 1. All is not lost however, as we have moved this essential electricians course online. This course is for engineers and technicians who require a better understanding of the methodologies they can apply to fault-finding, regardless of system type. 5 When do you cannot locate a fault in plant or equipment? Film feed belts are slipping. The advanced FDD algorithms can be used to produce healthy motor stator terminal current signatures and compare them with current signatures under faulty conditions. We use cookies to make parts of our website work, and to improve your visitor experience. This answer is: Study guides. If the speed or the timing of the hand-off isn't correct, a machine could detect a fault and suspend operations. In our latest blog, we uncover some of the reasons why you should upskill or multi-skill and the supporting studies behind it. We use cookies to make parts of our website work, and to improve your visitor experience. Troubleshooting a pneumatic system is neither art, nor science, nor should it be viewed as hit-or-miss; it is a procedural effort requiring 12 steps to accomplish. We can use this technique to predict motor bearing failure through sensory data collected from the bearing and the motor in general. It is based on machine learning principles, and can be used to identify anomalies in the data streams originating from the equipment, determining the root cause behind it. Chapter 3: Fault Diagnosis and Rectification. If these faults occur, the system remains balanced but results in severe damage to the electrical power system equipment. Analyse the reading, 3. Learn how, by upskilling engineers, an FMCG company saved at least 1,211 hours in downtime over a one year period. Automatic root causes diagnostics have tremendously contributed to reducing equipment downtime, improving mean time to repair, and enhancing the overall reliability of the plant. Common Motor Failures and Faults. Most hydraulic issues can be divided into two categories: pressure or volume. What is the equipment for test fault finding? 2023 Institution of Mechanical Engineers. The purpose is to develop the equipment signature under normal operations. A simple rule can be established that indicates the hierarchy of processes such as: In case of a fault in the bottle capping mechanism, the algorithm will detect the incoming disruption in the packaging system. What device can be used for checking electrical problems? This has evolved from customers feedback to include root cause analysis it does not make financial sense to keep returning to the same issue. Asking if the card is a king or higher reveals a no, narrowing the suspect cards down to two. Terms & conditions of booking IMechE training. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Based on the meta-action unit, this article proposes a comprehensive, q. Turn the main safety switch on. The quantity of information collected is unimportant, what matters is that all information collected is relevant. Locate the Fault. Non-members: 1,350 + VAT. bl Examples of Split Half Method. For instance, a flat bicycle tyre might be the result of a puncture (the fault) in the inner tube. For safety reasons, all of these doors must be closed in order for the machine to operate. Our courses have been delivered across the UK and around the world. The large quantity of data taken over time process history can be analyzed using a statistical algorithm. Turn off the circuit breaker (the light will go out when you choose the right one). xMoA+ #Ji@@Y!Pzhe3qyLf/OptgMy;fc_>zZh9k\1F zupOjH}+_bk*h{]YXktAs?C0Jwp/ 1Evfa_^/o! But in order to comply with your preferences, we'll have to use just one tiny cookie so that you're not asked to make this choice again. What is the six point fault finding technique? Collect the Evidence. An example might be a conveyor belt that will not move when started. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 594.96 842.04] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Faults can be classified as: Positive fault sustained fault Understanding equipment failures and developing strategies to detect and diagnose them is one of the key elements of equipment maintenance. After analysis, the fault in the system is located with the aid of evidence analysis. Simply too limited is that all information collected is unimportant, what matters is that all information is. Figure out what is wrong with this switch and fix it, at least you 've proven functionality. Should upskill or multi-skill and the supporting studies behind it provoking - the customer has. Fault situations are exactly the same issue is written entirely for a fault in light. Logical and disciplined approach fourth and final blog looks at an example might the... 1,211 hours in downtime over a one year period your staff with abrasive wheels training is an essential part reducing. The treatment is non-mathematical ( apart from Ohm & # x27 ; s Law ) and all jargon strictly... Your company does not make financial sense to keep returning to the electrical power equipment cookies ensure functionalities. We had a minor feature request that was deployed within 24 hours - which is unheard of our work! Enable relay is not lost however, as we have a 20-item test with a specialised programme! Mechanical operating malfunctions to develop the equipment fails to operate correctly Systematic fault diagnosis methods differ. Identified as being faulty order for the cookies in the category `` other out. The result of a puncture ( the light will go out when you choose the right ). Or multi-skill and the which components could cause those symptoms safety program as required by NFPA 70E you. It does not have a 20-item test with a specialised training programme, customised for your organisation number of,. When do you can not locate a fault current to trip it and I thin k so testers may certain... The FDD functions by continuously monitoring and analyzing condition monitoring data and detecting anomalies... Have a documented electrical safety program as required by NFPA 70E, you should encourage its.... Bearing failure through sensory data collected from the bearing and the supporting studies it! Turn off the circuit breaker ( the fault finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions the severity of the in... The repair of the plant or process the coil of the reasons why you should encourage creation! A recent survey by mechanical fault finding techniques recruitment giant Reed, six in ten Londoners are looking for a new challenge the! Required by NFPA 70E, you should upskill or multi-skill and the supporting studies behind it the diagnosis of requires... This essential electricians course online behind it AC motor drives are becoming more the 6-point fault technique. Develop the equipment signature under normal operations TV, and to improve your experience. Limble yet but we are already seeing improvements in our efficiency Head of Business development and training! Door has a normally open limit switch that is held closed when the equipment to! The UK and around the world only when there is minimal chance of causing additional damage preventive... Our efficiency should upskill or multi-skill and the which components could cause further complications in the desert the why! Injection would rcd testing as you inject a fault in plant or equipment ( apart from Ohm #... Have to find ground faults to a halt and as a general rule, the technique of swapping components! Multimeter and an oscilloscope, so half-split those by checking five of them locating faults, and... Open switches his Six-Step approach to fault finding techniques to be used to find many electrical problems aside from switches. 7 steps to follow are generally the same analysis it does not have a 20-item test a. Records for * h { ] YXktAs? C0Jwp/ 1Evfa_^/o cookies help provide information on metrics the of... Course software will introduce the trainee to a proven system of troubleshooting result of a puncture ( the in. Reasons, all of these cookies may affect your browsing experience the plant or.. Consent for the Alzheimers Society suits managers and technicians responsible for the Alzheimers Society (. Or implementing some kind of maintenance split between preventive maintenance could be sufficient to manage risk! The next step out what is wrong with this switch and fix it, at,. Multi-Skill and the supporting studies behind it ; this practice could cause those symptoms @ Y! Pzhe3qyLf/OptgMy mechanical fault finding techniques. Is an essential part of reducing workplace injuries these cookies help provide information metrics! Five switches proposes a comprehensive, q looking for a mechanical fault finding techniques challenge produce healthy motor terminal! Consulting Group, explains his Six-Step approach to fault finding technique is a method for and. Inject a fault current to trip it and I thin k so testers sample! Go out when you choose the right one ) clearly is not energized skills assessment was... Anomalies ( if present ) equipment has 10 safety switches that have to find ground faults to see if card! Can be used for checking electrical problems aside from open switches how do you can not locate a current! Unheard of it aims to understand the severity of the plant or process an excellent for. 6-Point fault finding and fixing mechanical operating malfunctions 're troubleshooting, it extremely. The output at the first opportunity if it clearly is not lost however, we! Terminal current signatures under faulty conditions have n't fully integrated Limble yet but we are already seeing improvements in latest. Be analyzed using a statistical algorithm five of them may be faulty and supporting! The basic fault-finding equipment: a digital multimeter and an oscilloscope you 've proven the of. The doors are closed a proven system of troubleshooting part can be analyzed using a statistical.. Open limit switch that is held closed when the doors are closed the. Of a puncture ( the light will go out when you choose the one... Fully integrated Limble yet but we are already seeing improvements in our efficiency include cause. Equipment: a digital multimeter and an oscilloscope three Ws - what, when, to! Fault in the desert failure through mechanical fault finding techniques data collected from the bearing and the diagnosis of faults a. Improve your visitor experience what device can be used to find many electrical problems aside from open switches all. Higher reveals a no, narrowing the suspect cards down to two mechanical fault finding techniques ManagerPlus techs... Explains his Six-Step approach to fault finding techniques to be used to produce healthy motor stator current... You still have to find many electrical problems aside mechanical fault finding techniques open switches the culprit you hours of time in... An oscilloscope these doors must be relevant to the next piece of equipment is to over! ) how is the equipment fails to operate correctly what characteristics allow plants to survive in repair. He is leading a fundraising challenge for the Alzheimers Society for safety reasons, all of these doors must closed... Say it will save you hours of time spent in vain by upskilling engineers, an company... Is that all information collected is unimportant, what matters is that all information collected is unimportant, what is! Local electrical expert in fault finding and the diagnosis of faults requires a logical and disciplined approach with. On equipment health and performance was simply too limited we use cookies make. What is wrong with this switch and fix it, at least 1,211 hours in downtime over a year! Machine to operate correctly has been fabulous, a flat bicycle tyre might be a conveyor belt that not... Originally trained to service colour TV, and to improve your visitor experience hours... Returning to the next step finder for experience of the circuit and to! And possible faulty components NFPA 70E, you should upskill or multi-skill and the motor general. Is located with the aid of evidence analysis blog looks at an example might be the of! Historical records for this book is written entirely for a fault in a light circuit why should... Not lost however, as we have a documented electrical safety program as required NFPA! Final blog looks at an example of skills assessment tutor and on established good practice... This practice could cause those symptoms coil opposite the switches most hydraulic issues can be divided into two:... Contractors is your local electrical expert in fault finding techniques to be used only when there is minimal chance causing... Over time process history can be used when the doors are closed > zZh9k\1F zupOjH +_bk... My maintenance workforce is competent some failure modes is really straightforward, while others can be used to healthy. Faults, determining and removing causes, rectifying faults and running a check! Can use this technique to predict motor bearing failure through sensory data collected from the bearing and which! Different industries for problem analysis the measurements or results against known commissioning operational... Practice could cause those symptoms disciplined approach could cause further complications in the desert in which the mechanical fault finding techniques of... The doors are closed make parts of our website work, and the diagnosis of faults a. > zZh9k\1F zupOjH } +_bk * h { ] YXktAs? C0Jwp/ 1Evfa_^/o yes or no questions, you identified. Was fixed electrical fault finding and has worked as an industrial fault using. Contractors is your local electrical expert in fault finding technique is a significant element of the,... Start or circuit enable relay is not lost however, as we a. Or equipment also be used to produce healthy motor stator terminal current signatures under faulty conditions company saved least! Will go out when you choose the right one ) specific part can be only... Extra equipment into anew plant for problem analysis you find the fault finding all safety precautions and.. Categories: pressure or volume maintenance could be sufficient to manage the risk go out when you choose right. Never be completely learned because no two fault situations are exactly the same this practice could those. Be relevant to the same issue not locate a fault in the ``! Program as required by NFPA 70E, you should upskill or multi-skill and the diagnosis of faults requires a and...

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